Construction Defects Expert Witnesses in Florida

The SEAK Expert Witness Directory contains a comprehensive list of construction defects expert witnesses who testify, consult and provide litigation support on construction defects and related issues. Construction defects expert witnesses and consultants on this page may form expert opinions, draft expert witness reports, and provide expert witness testimony at deposition and trial. The issues and subjects these construction defects expert witnesses testify regarding may include: Building Envelope, Construction Defects, Construction, Roofing, Building Inspection, Waterproofing, Ada, Building Codes, Failure Analysis, Slip Trip & Fall, Accessibility, Architecture, Building Enclosure, Building Forensics, and Commercial.

Use the search box above to further refine your search for construction defects expert witnesses by keyword and state. Attorneys contact the experts directly – with no middleman.

Paul L. Johnson

Experienced general contractor and expert witness

Gryphon Consulting

Construction Defects, Construction - Residential Construction, commercial, leaks, tenant fit-outs, kitchens, baths, remodels, construction related slip-fall & personal injury, historic buildings, restaurants, roofs, siding, critical path, luxury construction, high-end construction, wine cellars, cabinetry, Schluter Systems, tile, stone
Award-Winning construction professional. 45 years of hands-on experience. Founder/operator of two highly-successful construction firms. Experience includes all aspects of residential and high-end residential construction, new builds and remodeling, light commercial construction and tenant build-out - multiple new builds, over 60 whole home remodels, over 500 kitchen remodels, approximately 400 master bath remodels, numerous tenant fit out projects, restaurants, and a historic landmark complete renovation. Extensive consulting experience as an Owner's Representative. Patented inventor of a cabinet installation assembly. Author of the book Residential Building & Remodeling, On Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CJ7GMDJM. I work to stay current on construction processes, materials, technique's, industry changes and codes through construction of investment properties. Areas of expertise include, but are not limited to: • Construction Defects • Personal Injury resulting from Cons...

Mohamed E. Hassan, PhD, PE

Hassan Consulting Group, LLC

Construction, Construction Defects - Engineering Design, Building Codes, construction management, structural engineering, infrastructure engineering, reinforced concrete, steel structures, bridges, Structure engineer, foundations, piers, abutments, and soil analysis
- 45 years construction design and management of commercial and residential projects. - 15 years Construction Expert Witness - 10 years of teaching experience in George Mason University, DeVry University and NVCC - 15 years of mediation and conflict resolution Mohamed Hassan, PhD, PE has 45 years of diversified experience in the construction industry for commercial and residential projects. He is the principal of Hassan Consulting Group, LLC specializing in designing and building a variety of projects. He was an adjunct professor at George Mason University, DeVry University, and Northern Virginia Community College. LICENSES: He is a licensed professional engineer in the states of Virginia and Texas. He is also licensed contractor in the state of Virginia and District of Colombia (Washington DC). He is certified by the Supreme Court of Virginia as a Mediator. He is admitted in Virginia, West Virginia and Washington DC Court Systems. CONSTRUCTION EXPERT: Experienced in const...

David R. Mullaney, Esq.

D. R. Mullaney P.C.

Construction, Construction Defects - Construction Delays, Construction Breach Of Contract, Substandard Workmanship, Architectural Negligence, Design-Engineering Defects, Cost Dispute Analysis & Reconciliation, Building Inspection, Risk Management, Schedule Delay Responsibility, Slip Trip & Fall, Job Site Failures
David R. Mullaney, Esq. is a detail-oriented licensed Attorney At Law and Construction Expert with 2 plus decades of experience in all facets of the low to mid rise construction industry where his former firm constructed numerous new buildings and building additions from institutional academic buildings to athletic centers, theatrical venues, and numerous academic residential housing developments. Having founded and served for 24 years as CEO of Mullaney Corporation, former Construction Manager's at Risk, Mr. Mullaney understands the vertical construction business, and particularly the demands of private clients, including the unwavering and unrelenting August and December building completion dates for private school client services, notwithstanding labor shortages, strikes, weather, material supply issues, and design documents issues and conflicts between the multiple design disciplines. Serving New England and New York, his company constructed on average 11 major building proj...

Andrew Allocco, P.E.

FORENSIC CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANT EXPERT WITNESS

Indian River Construction Services, Inc.

Port Saint Lucie, Florida
Construction Defects, Construction - Expert Witness, Forensic Consulting Engineer, High Rise, Building Envelope, Roof, HVAC, Electric, Plumbing, Pool, Solar, Insurance Litigation Expert, Second Opinions, Forty Year Recertifications, Legionella, Florida Contractor Competency Issues, Pool Electrocution - Florida Milestone Inspections
CURRENT LICENSES State of Florida Licensed Professional Engineer PE 39381 State of Florida Certified General Contractor CGC 10724 State of Florida Certified General Contractor CGC 1530529 State of Florida Certified Mechanical Contractor CMC 11653 State of Florida Certified Mechanical Contractor CMC 1250919 State of Florida Certified Air Conditioning Contractor CMC 11653 State of Florida Certified Roofing Contractor CCC 12378 State of Florida Certified Roofing Contractor CCC 1333151 State of Florida Certified Pool Contractor CPC 16138 State of Florida Certified Electrical Contractor EC 00525 State of Florida Certified Electrical Contractor EC 13010885 State of Florida Certified Plumbing Contractor CFC 1425695 State of Florida Certified Plumbing Contractor CFC 1430841 State of Florida Certified Plumbing Contractor CFC 1430972 State of Florida Certified Solar Contractor CVC 57009 State of Florida Certified Mold Assessor MRSA 4173 State of Flor...

Alfonso Alzamora, PE, CGC

Construction Defects Expert Witness

A2 Consultants & Engineers LLC

Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Construction Defects, Engineering - Building Envelope, Building Enclosure, Exterior Walls, Cladding, Fenestrations, Glass and Glazing, Facades, Coatings, Waterproofing, Roofing, Water Intrusion, Forensic Investigation, Field Testing, Building Inspection, Condition Assessment, Wind Damage Evaluation
I am a licensed Professional Engineer (FL, TX, LA) and Certified General Contractor (FL) with twenty years of consulting and engineering experience, specializing in the design, evaluation, inspection, and testing of building envelope systems such as exterior wall systems, glass and glazing systems, above and below-grade waterproofing systems, and roofing systems for new and existing structures. I am a member of various industry organizations and an accredited LEED professional. I have worked on hundreds of projects throughout North America and the Caribbean. I enjoy providing technical and engineering expertise on all types of building projects to develop and construct high-performance building enclosure systems. I have extensive experience conducting forensic evaluations on buildings with envelope performance problems and leading remedial design and management programs for building envelope replacement or rehabilitation. Additionally, I provide litigation support services and exp...

Jason Bondurant, PE, RRC

GCI Consultants, LLC

Jupiter, Florida
Construction Defects, Civil Engineering - Building Envelope Systems, Roofing, Waterproofing, Windows, Doors, Exterior Walls, Water Leak Investigations, Storm Damage Assessments
I am a Senior Engineer and Principal with GCI Consultants, LLC, a building envelope consulting and engineering firm based in South Florida. I am a licensed Professional Engineer with approximately ten years of consulting and engineering experience. I am licensed in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas. I have worked on hundreds of projects across the country including both new construction consulting and forensic analysis of existing buildings. I lead forensic investigations, develop repair plans and specifications, provide construction management services, perform quality assurance inspections, and provide expert witness testimony. I am a Registered Roof Consultant (RRC) with the International Institute of Building Enclosure Consultants (IIBEC). I specialize in building envelope systems and have expertise in roofing/waterproofing systems, exterior wall systems, and glazing systems.

Nick M Bradford, PhD PE SE SI

TSG Engineering, Inc.

Tampa, Florida
Structural Engineering, Construction Engineering - Structural Failure / Collapse, Structural design, Structural Analysis, Structural Inspections, Building Code Analysis, Construction Defects, Forensic Engineering, Hurricane Engineering, Failure Analysis, Wind Engineering, Flood Engineering
Dr. Bradford has been a practicing structural engineer for the past 27 years. Dr. Bradford is the president and founder of TSG Engineering, located in Tampa, Florida. TSG Engineering provides structural engineering for new construction projects as well as forensic investigations. Since our inception as The Structures Group, Inc. in 1999, we have worked on over 9,000 projects. In the area of new construction, we provide structural engineering for projects in the areas of custom residential, production builder residential, multi-family residential, retail/commercial construction, churches, industrial facilities and warehouses. We provide specialty structural engineering services such as controlled demolition and accessory structures (stairs, handrails, light poles). Our engineering projects include coastal construction projects involving high wind loading, wave loading, flooding, and scour analysis. In the area of forensic engineering, we provide structural engineering failure ...

Thomas Collier, Jr

Collier Consultants

Florida
Construction, Premises Liability - Defects, personal injury, insurance, codes, commercial, residential, accidents, falls, asbestos, ADA, sewer, water, liability, damages, general contractor, fire, flood, contracts, subcontractors, engineer
Highly experienced construction and premises expert. Specializes in large commercial and multi-residential construction disputes and serious bodily injury claims. Has served on over 300 cases as an expert witness and dozens of cases as an arbitrator. 30+ years’ experience as a general contractor and owner/developer focusing on condominiums, roads, sewers, subdivisions, offices and other major construction. Summa Cum Laude/Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of North Carolina. Consultant (2008-Present): Georgia, North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Cases include commercial defects and delays, serious personal injuries, multifamily, sewers, roads and drainage, retail, insurance, professional liability, and construction business practices. Approximately equal representation of plaintiffs and defendants. General Contractor - President of Buckhead Classic (2006 – presen): Projects include defective construction repair, new construction, fire and flood...

Matthew G. Duckstein, Jr., PE

Building Mavens

Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Structural Engineering, Construction Defects - Building Inspections, UAS (Drone) Inspections, Post-tensioning, Doors and Windows, Building Enclosures & Cladding, Waterproofing, Roofing, Insurance Claims, Wind & Water Damage, Stucco
Mr. Duckstein has over 22 years of experience designing, constructing, and inspecting civil and structural projects. He is a results-oriented consultant with extensive experience in construction defect litigation support and expertise in commercial UAS “drone” operations in central/south Florida. He has a proven track record of providing high-level technical analysis and support for complex projects. His experience includes design and field support for south FL water-control structures and leading movable and fixed bridge inspections on the Ohio, Mississippi, Hudson, and St. Clair rivers.

Curtis E Falany, PE

J.B. Shepherd & Co., Inc.

Plant City, Florida
Electrical Engineering, Construction Defects - Electrical Contact, Shock, Electricity, Electrocution, Construction Defect, Construction Dispute, Fire of Electrical Origin, Explosion, Wildland Fire of Electrical Origin, Failure, Lightning, Electric Utility, Transmission, Distribution, Forensic Engineer, NESC, NEC
Curtis E. Falany has been a forensic electrical engineer and expert witness for more than twenty five years. Previously, he was the CEO of an electrical design-build firm and a principal in a consortium of companies serving the electrical, computer, and communications industries worldwide. He has served as a member of the Florida Electrical Contractors Licensing Board and as the author of the Hillsborough County Florida Electrical Code. Curtis is Board Certified as a Forensic Engineer. He has assisted clients in the investigation and resolution of more than 600 cases in State and Federal Courts both in the US and overseas.

Michael Fiebig, RA, AIA, NCARB, LEED GA, CFPS, CEP

Fiebig Architecture

Florida
Construction Defects, Premises Liability - Architecture, Construction, Construction Defect, Fire Protection, Fire Suppression, Fire-Resistive Assemblies, Residential Construction, Commercial Construction, Building Codes, Premises Liability, Slip & Fall, Trip & Fall
Registered architect with NCARB certificate in twenty states (licensed in more states than are listed in this directory), with an active design and forensic practice. As a forensic architect, his experience includes among other things, performing analysis of standard of care in building design and construction projects; performing analyses of building systems including roofing systems, window and door systems, exterior wall cladding systems, waterproofing and foundation systems, with a specialization in fire-resistive assemblies and active fire-protection systems. His experience includes premises liability investigation and analysis of accident sites relating to the built environment, both indoors and outdoors. As a design architect, his practice includes traditional architectural practice including building design, building code analysis & application, and services during construction. Michael is a Certified Fire Protection Specialist (CFPS), credentialed under the authority of th...

Clinton J. Ford, M. Sc. ACA, CGC, CIE, CMR, CRMI

Advanced Building Consultants

Alachua, Florida
Construction, Premises Liability - Appraisal & Valuation, Arbitration/Mediation, Building Inspection, Construction, Construction Defects, Environmental, Indoor Air Quality, Mold, OSHA, Premises Liability, Safety, Slip Trip & Fall
Clinton J. Ford M.S… is the President and founder of Advanced Building Consultants. Having been in the industry for over 30 years, he is a recognized expert in all forms of Premise Liability (including Walkway Safety analysis & Tribometry), Construction, and Environmental issues. Ford’s exemplary casework displays his investigative prowess in a vast variety of claim topics. Using up-to-date technology combined with his elite knowledge of building codes, standards, and statutes, Ford is consistently able to present analysis and witnessing that can be described as nothing but expert. Ford’s additional services and certifications are displayed below: Insurance: ACA - All Lines Independent Claims Adjuster Florida 520 Licenses #087209 since 2004 Florida Unaffiliated General Lines Property & Casualty Insurance Agent 2-20 License #A087209 since 2011 National Flood Insurance Program Claims Adjuster – Cert. Number 30003330 Georgia Insurance Non-Resident Casualty & Property Adjuster #763839...

Edward S. George

E & S Consulting, Inc.

Saint Augustine, Florida
Metallurgy, Failure Analysis - Metallurgy, Products Liability, Coatings Inspection, Welding Inspection, Slip and Falls, Material Science, Forensic Engineering, Corrosion, Fatigue, Fractures, Bolt Failures, Weld Failures, Construction Defects
Professional Experience Court qualified technical expert in criminal and civil court, deposition and trial experience. Extensive experience in the field of failure analysis involving a variety of products, components, and materials utilized in both industrial and consumer applications. Experience in inspection and failure analysis of building materials. Proficient in microscopic analysis techniques and digital imagery. Proficient in destructive and non-destructive testing techniques and procedures in accordance with the applicable American Society of Testing Materials Standards. Direct experience in the field of materials thermal processing and procedures. Expert in material science, forensic engineering, corrosion, fatigue, fractures, bolt failures, weld failures andconstruction defects. Professional Licenses  Registered Professional Engineer: P.E. #51375 Florida (1997- Present)  Certified Welding Inspector: C.W.I #07060051 (2007-Present)  Certified AMPP Coating Inspector Level...

Scott Harvey-Lewis, PE, LEED AP

Building Mavens

Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Structural Engineering, Construction Defects - Building Inspection, construction, civil engineering, milestone inspections, structural integrity inspections, Building Enclosures, Exterior Walls and Cladding Systems, Waterproofing Systems, Roofing Systems, Water Intrusion Investigations
Mr. Harvey-Lewis has more than 19 years of experience providing structural engineering design, construction administration, and forensic services to public and private-sector clients on various projects. As a forensic engineer, Scott investigates structural failures, building construction defects, and code compliance on behalf of attorneys, owners, developers, and insurance companies. Scott’s design portfolio includes significant phases of project development, from conceptual design and plan preparation through construction and final inspection. His expertise includes building envelope systems, cast-in-place concrete, steel, masonry, and timber design for commercial and residential structures, telecommunication and educational facilities, marinas, industrial plants, warehouses, storage and containment, and land development.

Michael C Head, PE

Structural Eng - Construction and personal injury

HEAD of Engineering, LLC

Florida
Construction Defects, Structural Engineering - Building Construction, Building Envelope, Building Forensics, Concrete, Construction, Construction Accident, Foundations Building, High-rise Building Construction Analysis, Hurricane Damage, Parking Decks, Personal Injury Building, Structural Steel, Construction Contract Administration
Mr. Head has more than 40 years of structural engineering analysis, design and project/construction management experience throughout Saudi Arabia and the United States ranging from the design of new facilities, strengthening, renovation, retrofitting and repair of existing structures in the GMP, Design/Bid and Design/Bid/Build delivery method and conducting forensic investigations as an Expert Witness. He has been primarily engaged in the design and construction of building structures. During that time he has seen the good and the bad, what works and what doesn't and has seen the design and the construction processes change dramatically. Mr. Head is available to assist attorneys, insurance companies, contractors, architects, engineers, owners, developers and real estate professionals in determining the reasons that the structural systems failed or under-performed, how to efficiently return the facility to fulfill its intended function and the assessment of existing facilities for ...

William Henry, PhD, NCARB

RGA Design Forensics LLC

Tampa, Florida
Premises Liability, Construction Defects - Accident Investigation, Building Codes, ADA, Accessibility, Slip Trip & Fall, Forensic, Architecture, Engineering, E&O, Errors and Omissions, Construction Defects, Mold, Cruise Ship, Maintenance, Building Inspection, Insurance Claims, Disaster Recovery, Failure Analysis, Property Insurance
As forensic architects and engineers, we strive to provide our clients with superior expert witness services by combining the latest in technological advances with our staff’s decades of experience. Our continued practice in architecture enables us to build a customized team of experts from multiple disciplines to find an optimized solution for your case. Dr. Henry, our lead expert, utilizes three components in his case development: (1) a detailed timeline, (2) an analysis of the governing codes and documentation, and (3) the application of the facts to those governing codes. His reports and testimony are presented in a simple, clear manner that is easily understood. This approach has had a proven impact on the outcomes of past matters, whether in settlement, mediation, arbitration, or at trial. RGA Design Forensics’ main areas of expertise are premises liability, property insurance litigation, and architectural errors and omissions (E&O) claims. Premises Liability - Whethe...

Sanford Kaminsky, AIA, NCARB

m2e Consulting Engineers

Miami - Coral Gables, Florida
Architecture, Construction Defects - Standard of Care, Failure Analysis, Construction Documents, Defect, Change Order, Building, Design, Condominium, Hospitality, Casino, gaming, Code Compliance, Contract Document, Field Management, Contract Administration, Commercial, Highrise, Retail, Hotel, Condo-Hotel
Member of The American Institute Of Architects, and Nationally Board Certified, With Over Forty Years Of Experience. Multi-Billion Dollars of Experience Both Designed and Constructed. Skills Include All Facets of Architectural Practice, Including Condominium Defect Mitigation That Would Dismantle A Class Action Lawsuit. Worldwide Project Experience Includes Retail, Office, Hotel, Institutional, Aerospace and Mixed-Use. Deposed On Standard Of Care, AHCA Regulations Regarding The Design Of A Class III Operating Room, And A Wrongful Death Based On My OSHA Certification. 40+ years experience in construction defect litigation support and expert witness services for both plaintiff and defense attorneys. Experienced in field investigations, Failure Analysis water intrusion analysis, specialty construction methods, development of repair methodologies and de-watering techniques, trial preparation and expert witness testimony. Projects include commercial and high rise in California, Nevada, ...

William Latham

A1-Advanced Inspections

Jensen Beach, Florida
Construction Defects, Failure Analysis - Inspector/Consultant,Residential&Commercial,Interior&Exterior,Defects & Failure Analyses,All Flooring Materials,Shower Walls-Pans & Seats,Wood & Concrete Subfloor/Substrates,Moisture Intrusion,Expert Witness,Renovations, Property Damage Assessment,Building Forensics,Mitigation Consultation
William (Bill) Latham has more than 45 years of experience and accomplishments in the Construction and Flooring fields. In his experience, work agreements made between parties requires constant monitoring to ensure “Quality Workmanship” & “Industry Standards” are being performed. Unfortunately, often times work performed results in substandard work and/or failures within projects. Given his expertise and attention to detail, Bill specializes in Construction Defects/Building Forensics and Flooring Failure Analyses. He offers Clients/Commissioning Parties significant experience, expert knowledge, and a thorough understanding of the direct correlations between all the various interior and exterior Construction processes for both Residential & Commercial building. Trained as a Carpenter’s Apprentice at a young age in the Northeast, Bill started out in the residential home construction and renovation market. Later, he was employed as a Union Carpenter on multiple commercial construct...

Fred B. Lott, AIA, ARA, CSI

Fred Lott Architect

Florida
Architecture, Construction Defects - Architect & Engineer Negligence, Construction Defects, Fraudulent Change Orders, Construction License Agreement, Antitrust Complaint, Standard of Care Responsibility & Compliance, Warehouse Thermal Comfort, Bid Steering, Treachery & Self-Dealing Related to Professional Practice Industry Standards
Various Types of Legal Matters that Have Benefited from Fred’s Involvement: Architect & Engineer Negligence, Compliance with Americans with Disabilities Act, Failure to Tender Payments Due & Owing for Contract Work Performed, Fraudulent Change Orders, Faulty Movie & Sound Recording Studios Construction, Faulty Sound Attenuation & Faulty Soundproofing, Misappropriation of Trade Secrets, Roofing Failure & Related Building Damages, Industrial Climate Control Engineering, Thermal Comfort, & Labor Law, Aiding & Abetting Fiduciary Duties, Labor Union Disputes, Fraud, Bribery of a Public Official, Criminal Coercion, Construction Defects, Standard of Care Responsibility & Compliance, Adversary Breach of Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Antitrust Complaint - Sherman Antitrust Act, Treachery & Self-Dealing Related to Professional Practice Industry Standards, Quantum Meruit, Defamation Per Se, Responsibility for Failure to Maintain a Building, Fraudulent C...

John R Medina

Miami Curtain Wall Consultants

Miami, Florida
Architecture, Construction Defects - Forensic Architect, Exterior Wall Cladding/Glazing, Roofing, Fenestration, ADA Consulting Slip and Fall, Certified Field Water and Flood Tests (AAMA & ASTM), Concrete Restoration, Building Code Compliance, Building Envelope, Architectural Mediation, Below Grade Water Waterproofing
John Medina is experienced in construction defect litigation and expert witness services for plaintiff and defense attorneys. He is a registered architect with NCARB certificates in 10 states. Currently serves as owner/principal of Miami Curtain Wall Consultants with an active design and forensic architecture practice. John Medina is a highly experienced expert who has written reports in more than 160 construction cases and provided testimony in many mediations, arbitrations and court appearances. He has analyzed all aspects of construction projects to support clients in resolving disputes and litigation. His knowledge and expertise in all aspects of glazing and waterproofing services on the exterior of building envelopes for New, Existing, Signature and High-Rise buildings is extensive and effective in resolving most construction disputes. Additional expert witness services for standard care of roofing and window wall design are available, as well as traditional architectural...

Tracy Myers, AIA

Myers Consulting

Altamonte Springs, Florida
Architecture, Construction Defects - Standard of care, general construction, personal injury, trip and fall, stairs, accessibility, ADA, construction, defect analysis, roofing, waterproofing, fenestration, building enclosure, building envelope, accident, contracts, architect, general contractor, NCARB, RRO
Tracy Myers is an architect and general contractor with 33 years of broad experience in architectural design, project management, property condition evaluation, construction administration, general construction, forensics, and property loss consulting. She specializes in expert witness testimony related to architectural and general construction issues, personal injury defect and accident investigation, building enclosure investigation and repair including waterproofing, roofing and fenestration, forensic architecture, litigation support, property loss evaluation, code upgrade review, peer review and quality assurance services. Prior to opening her own consulting practice in 2019, she worked for privately-owned architectural and forensic architectural firms, a corporate development department at a privately-owned restaurant company, a roofing manufacturer as a member of their Building and Roofing Science team, and a construction consulting firm. Ms. Myers has worked in the fore...

Nicholas Strachan, PE

Vilano Consulting, LLC

Lake Worth, Florida
Electrical Engineering, Construction Defects - Construction Defects of Electrical, Fire Alarms, Lighting, Telecommunications Systems in Commercial and Residential buildings, Condominiums, Laboratories, Museums, Office Towers, University Campuses
**Providing Electrical Engineering Expert Witness services in Arizona, California, and New York only** Nicholas Strachan is a licensed Professional Engineer (Electrical) in Arizona, California, and New York, and a licensed Plans Examiner in Florida. He has over 25 years of experience in engineering design and quality assurance inspections of electrical systems for construction projects in the US and abroad. These projects included commercial and residential structures, laboratories and higher educational facilities, museums and cultural facilities, and sports arenas. His technical knowledge and experience are predominantly focused on electrical, fire alarm, lighting, and telecommunication systems’ design in new and existing buildings. Nicholas has more recently provided Expert Witness testimony and construction litigation support.
You can also find Construction Defects Expert Witnesses in:
Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas , Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington