Construction Expert Witnesses in Texas
The SEAK Expert Witness Directory contains a comprehensive list of construction expert witnesses who testify, consult and provide litigation support on construction and related issues. Construction expert witnesses and consultants on this page may form expert opinions, draft expert witness reports, and provide expert witness testimony at deposition and trial. The issues and subjects these construction expert witnesses testify regarding may include: Construction, Safety, Concrete, Construction Accidents, Construction Defects, Accident Investigation, Architecture, Building, Construction Engineering, Duty Of Care, Engineering Design, Environmental, Fall Protection, Fire Protection, and Masonry.
Use the search box above to further refine your search for construction expert witnesses by keyword and state. Attorneys contact the experts directly – with no middleman.
Paul L. Johnson
Experienced general contractor and expert witness
Gryphon Consulting
Construction Defects, Construction
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Residential Construction, commercial, leaks, tenant fit-outs, kitchens, baths, remodels, construction related slip-fall & personal injury, historic buildings, restaurants, roofs, siding, critical path, luxury construction, high-end construction, wine cellars, cabinetry, Schluter Systems, tile, stone
Award-Winning construction professional. 45 years of hands-on experience. Founder/operator of two highly-successful construction firms. Experience includes all aspects of residential and high-end residential construction, new builds and remodeling, light commercial construction and tenant build-out - multiple new builds, over 60 whole home remodels, over 500 kitchen remodels, approximately 400 master bath remodels, numerous tenant fit out projects, restaurants, and a historic landmark complete renovation. Extensive consulting experience as an Owner's Representative. Patented inventor of a cabinet installation assembly. Author of the book Residential Building & Remodeling, On Amazon https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CJ7GMDJM.
I work to stay current on construction processes, materials, technique's, industry changes and codes through construction of investment properties.
Areas of expertise include, but are not limited to:
• Construction Defects
• Personal Injury resulting from Cons...
Mohamed E. Hassan, PhD, PE
Hassan Consulting Group, LLC
Construction, Construction Defects
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Engineering Design, Building Codes, construction management, structural engineering, infrastructure engineering, reinforced concrete, steel structures, bridges, Structure engineer, foundations, piers, abutments, and soil analysis
- 45 years construction design and management of commercial and residential projects.
- 15 years Construction Expert Witness
- 10 years of teaching experience in George Mason University, DeVry University and NVCC
- 15 years of mediation and conflict resolution
Mohamed Hassan, PhD, PE has 45 years of diversified experience in the construction industry for commercial and residential projects. He is the principal of Hassan Consulting Group, LLC specializing in designing and building a variety of projects. He was an adjunct professor at George Mason University, DeVry University, and Northern Virginia Community College.
LICENSES: He is a licensed professional engineer in the states of Virginia and Texas. He is also licensed contractor in the state of Virginia and District of Colombia (Washington DC). He is certified by the Supreme Court of Virginia as a Mediator. He is admitted in Virginia, West Virginia and Washington DC Court Systems.
CONSTRUCTION EXPERT: Experienced in const...
Thomas Collier, Jr
Collier Consultants
Construction, Premises Liability
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Defects, personal injury, insurance, codes, commercial, residential, accidents, falls, asbestos, ADA, sewer, water, liability, damages, general contractor, fire, flood, contracts, subcontractors, engineer
Highly experienced construction and premises expert. Specializes in large commercial and multi-residential construction disputes and serious bodily injury claims. Has served on over 300 cases as an expert witness and dozens of cases as an arbitrator. 30+ years’ experience as a general contractor and owner/developer focusing on condominiums, roads, sewers, subdivisions, offices and other major construction. Summa Cum Laude/Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of North Carolina.
Consultant (2008-Present): Georgia, North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Cases include commercial defects and delays, serious personal injuries, multifamily, sewers, roads and drainage, retail, insurance, professional liability, and construction business practices. Approximately equal representation of plaintiffs and defendants.
General Contractor - President of Buckhead Classic (2006 – presen): Projects include defective construction repair, new construction, fire and flood...
Dan Bawden, CAPS, CGP, CGR, GMB, GMR, CFLC, JD.
DanBawdenexpertwitness.com
Houston, Texas
Construction, Construction Defects
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Construction Defects, Repair Cost Estimates, Roof and flashing failures, Duty of Care, Damage causation, Code compliance, Project Management, Materials and Methods, Building, Remodeling, Performance standards, cost estimating, Construction Performance Standards, New Construction, Water Damage
Mr. Dan Bawden has an outstanding reputation for winning cases, and over 45 years of residential construction experience. He possesses a unique combination of being a practicing attorney and an accomplished, award-winning builder/remodeler with numerous professional certifications in construction. This makes him a highly credible witness in all facets of residential and light commercial construction. Just as importantly, Mr. Bawden has a musical theatre background, so he thinks fast on his feet, is a clear and charming communicator, and understands the legal aspects of litigation better than other construction experts.
Mr. Bawden helped write the NAHB "Residential Construction Performance Guidelines" (6th edition, published August 24, 2022) which is a nationally recognized source for construction performance standards. With experience assisting both homeowners and builders, Mr. Bawden is very effective an excellent and clear communicator, extremely likable and effective befo...
Gerald Blackler, Ph.D, P.E., D.WRE
Texas
Hydrology, Civil Engineering
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Water Resources, Hydraulics, Floodplain, Flood Forensics, Hydrologist, Hydraulic Modeling, Transportation Drainage, Roadway Drainage, Rainfall, Runoff, Design Storms, Sedimentation, Sediment Transport, Stormwater, Culvert, Stormsewer, Urban Hydrology, Urban Flooding, Construction
Water flows downhill, sometimes water is a resource, sometimes it is an enemy, sometimes it is both. If your case involves the impact of water, my expertise is available for your case. I am an expert in hydrology, hydraulics, the engineering of drainage systems, including culverts, transportation drainage, bridge scour, bridge hydraulics, floodplain management, transportation hydraulics, water resources, and accidental death or drowning near hydraulic structures. My work routinely produces technical evidence that is hard to dispute and easy to understand. My background and experience in consulting and teaching allows me to produce complicated information in a format that is easy to digest, such as video files, and images that explain the complicated physical interactions of hydrology and hydraulics. Some of my past litigation work produced evidence that was not disputed by opposing experts.
My approach is to first understand the case, then to discuss one on one what technica...
Stanford R Brown, B.Sc., CSP, CSHP, CRSP, CHSC
Raising the Standard Consulting (USA) Inc.
Texas
Safety, OSHA
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Construction, Mining, Workplace Inspections, Crane, Rigging, EM 385-1-1, First Aid/CPR/AED, General Industry, Accident Investigation, Safety Training, Compliance, Workplace Conditions, Fall Protection, Powered Industrial Trucks, Machine Guarding, Excavation, Trenching, Scaffolds, Multi-Employer
Stanford R. Brown, B.Sc., CSP, CSHP, CRSP, CHSC, has over 30 years of experience managing safety and health for various projects.
He has been involved with multiple construction safety/OSHA cases as an expert witness.
A sampling of the expert witness cases he has been involved with include:
• Workplace injury at refinery construction project.
• Worker fatally electrocuted during a paving incident.
• Construction training and safety standards for power tool injury.
Safety and Slip Trip & Fall, EM 385-1-1, OSHA, (SSHO), Competent Person, First Aid/CPR/AED Instructor Trainer, Certified Safety Professionals (CSP) designation with the Board of Certified Safety Professionals, Certified Safety and Health Professional (CSHP) in the State of Hawaii.
Construction and General Industry, Accident Investigation, Fall Protection, Forklift, Aerial Lift, Boom Lift, Scissor Lift, Machine Guarding, Amputation, Struck By, Caught Between, Scaffold, Ladder, Roofing Safety, Amputation, Excavation/T...
Matthew C Deal
Deal Sikes
Houston, Texas
Real Estate Appraiser
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Condemnation, Bankruptcy, Fraud, Construction
Holds the CRE designation from the Counselors of Real Estate
Dennis W. Eckstine
Eckstine & Associates, Inc.
Texas
Construction, Equipment & Machinery
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Construction Vehicles, Construction Equipment, Cranes, Forklifts, Aerial Lifts, Mobile Elevating Work Platforms, MEWPs, Construction Accidents, Accident Reconstruction, Electrocution, Machinery, OSHA, Safety, Slips, Trips & Falls, Fork lifts
Eckstine & Associates, Inc. (E & A) provides litigation support, safety consulting, safety training, and engineering consulting services relating to safe and design of cranes, aerial work platforms, mobile elevating work platforms, MEWPs, lifts and other construction, industrial, and agricultural equipment. Our expertise regarding lifting equipment is unparalleled.
Michael Fiebig, RA, AIA, NCARB, LEED GA, CFPS, CEP
Fiebig Architecture
Texas
Construction Defects, Premises Liability
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Architecture, Construction, Construction Defect, Fire Protection, Fire Suppression, Fire-Resistive Assemblies, Residential Construction, Commercial Construction, Building Codes, Premises Liability, Slip & Fall, Trip & Fall
Registered architect with NCARB certificate in twenty states (licensed in more states than are listed in this directory), with an active design and forensic practice. As a forensic architect, his experience includes among other things, performing analysis of standard of care in building design and construction projects; performing analyses of building systems including roofing systems, window and door systems, exterior wall cladding systems, waterproofing and foundation systems, with a specialization in fire-resistive assemblies and active fire-protection systems. His experience includes premises liability investigation and analysis of accident sites relating to the built environment, both indoors and outdoors. As a design architect, his practice includes traditional architectural practice including building design, building code analysis & application, and services during construction.
Michael is a Certified Fire Protection Specialist (CFPS), credentialed under the authority of th...
Edward L. Fronapfel, MSCE, PE, CBIE, CFCC, EDI, CBCP, MAE, F.ASCE, F.NAFE
SBSA LLC a Charles Taylor Company
Texas
Engineering, Construction
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Construction defects litigation, property analysis, rehabilitation, design review, subrogation, allocation, premise liablity, catastrophic claim analysis
Edward L. Fronapfel, MSCE, PE, D-IBFES, DFE, CBIE, CFCC, CBCP, EDI, PTI1, F.NAFE, F.ASCE has a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering and a Master of Science in Civil Engineering with an emphasis in structural and forensic engineering. Ed's a Certified Level 2 Infrared Thermographer, Certified 3rd Party EIFS Inspector, Certified Forensic Claims Consultant, Board Certified Building Inspection Engineer, and Certified Building Commissioning Professional. He is a registered engineer in the States of AL, AR, AZ, CO, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, LA,MA, MD, MI, MN, MS, MT, MO, NE, NJ, NV, NM, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR,PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY .
Edward has been deposed nearly 800 times, and admitted into trial settings over 110 times. He has been used as an expert in arbitration and mediations over 500 times since the late 1990's.
Edward is an instructor for the College of Contract Management, U.K, Diploma in Structural Forensic Engineering
Edward has been an adjunct professo...
Edward J. Garbin, Jr., PhD, PE, DGE
Garbin GeoStructural Group, LLC
Texas
Geotechnical Engineering, Geology
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construction, construction engineering, engineer, foundations, sinkholes, piles, shoring, earthquake, ground, slope, slide, aggregate piers, stone columns, rigid inclusions, vibrations, subsidence, ground improvement, karst, liquefaction, differential
Dr. Ed Garbin: Your Trusted Expert in Construction and Engineering
With a background as a contractor in New Jersey before becoming an engineer, Dr. Ed Garbin brings a comprehensive understanding of the construction process to the table. Licensed as a Professional Engineer in Florida since 2003, he now holds PE licenses in an impressive 39 states across the US.
Specializing in the commercial and heavy-civil construction industry, Dr. Garbin is your go-to expert for all things construction-related. He is an ASCE-AGP Board Certified Expert in Geotechnical Engineering, with extensive experience and knowledge in his field.
As a former Adjunct Professor of Civil Engineering, Dr. Garbin excels in communication, making complex construction and engineering topics easily understandable for all parties involved. His expertise was recently upheld in a notable legal case, where he successfully defeated a Daubert motion in Pennsylvania in 2021.
At 54 years old, Dr. Garbin boasts over 30 years...
Allen W Griffin, GMB, CGR, CAPS, CGP
Construction Claims Experts
Houston, Texas
Construction, Construction Defects
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Real-world Hands-on Construction Experience, Building inspections, Construction, Construction Defects, Construction engineering, Construction accidents, Demolition, Disaster Recovery, Dispute Resolution, Construction document examination, Indoor air quality, Insurance, Construction investigations
Allen is a trusted resource for your, Insurance Claims - Construction Defects - Construction Contracts and Project claims. A Construction Expert Witness with Real-world Hands-on construction experience and 30 years of Construction Business Operations. Allen's business operations include: Gryphon Builders is a twenty-year-old company servicing the custom home building and high-end remodeling market in affluent areas of Houston. Gryphon Property Services was formed to facilitate the immediate upkeep, as well as anticipate and execute the long-term planning of maintenance needs of large townhome communities and apartment complexes. Viewpoint Designs is the internal company that services the Design/Build segment of Gryphon Builders. In 2016 we started servicing builders and remodelers in and around the Houston market. Areas of specialty knowledge; Home Building, Home Remodeling, Design/Build, Multi-family Buildings & Architectural Design services. Allen is easily understandable, yet hi...
Rance Herren, CFPSD, AI
Hydraulic Fluid Power Subject Matter Expert
Houston, Texas
Engineering, Equipment & Machinery
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Hydraulic Consultant, Hydraulic Systems, Pneumatic Systems, Hydraulic Pumps, Hydraulic Cylinders, Hydraulic Motors, Valves, Hydraulic Hoses, Hydraulic Manifolds, Motion Control, Design, Accumulators, Compressors, Schematics, Seals, Filtration, Pressure, Construction, Mining, Oil & Gas
Nearly four decades of experience in the design, application, implementation, troubleshooting and service of complex hydraulic and pneumatic systems and related control components, including:
• The use of standard and electrohydraulic components and circuitry in machine control
• Integration of electronic devices for actuator control, including feedback and diagnostics
• Manifold design, 3D solid modeling, and hydraulic circuit and component simulation and analysis
• Hydraulic power unit (HPU) and closed-circuit hydrostatic transmission system design
• Efficiency and throughput improvements for underperforming systems
• Troubleshooting and repair of hydraulic/pneumatic machine control components and systems
• Interpretation and implementation of ISO/SAE/ANSI/ASME fluid power standards
• International Fluid Power Society Credentials:
- Certified Fluid Power Systems Designer (CFPSD), February 2012
- Certified Fluid Power Accredited Instructor (CFPAI), August 2013
...
Jeff Hunt, MBA, CGR, GMR, GMB, CAPS, CGP, HCI-R, HCI-W, CFLC
Experienced Construction Expert Witness
Jeff Hunt Construction
Houston, Texas
Construction, Construction Defects
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Contract disputes, defects, insurance claims, storm damage, product defects, construction accidents, duty of care, fire damage, wind damage, hail damage, termite damage, cost to repair, estimating, project management, scheduling, safety, green building, remodeling, mediation, arbitration
Jeff is the founder and President of Jeff Hunt Construction, a residential design-build firm in Houston Texas. His construction experience includes commercial projects up to $125 million such as luxury hotels, hospitals, schools, airports, and office buildings. His residential construction experience includes custom home building and remodeling on projects up to $750,000, including major additions, upscale kitchen and baths, fire & flood restoration, and whole house renovations. In addition to his construction experience, Jeff has over 10 years of experience as a strategic and information technology consultant, beginning with a career at Andersen Consulting (now known as Accenture). Backed by a strong background in both business and construction, he is regarded as an accomplished speaker and instructor, and a credible expert. His experience as an expert witness includes testifying in state and federal courts on matters including contract disputes, duty of care, construction defects,...
William F. Ikerd, II, PhD, PE, CM-BIM
Building Information Modeling (BIM), VDC, LOD
IKERD Consulting, LLC
Dallas, Texas
Construction, Technology
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Building Information Modeling (BIM), Level Of Development (LOD), Structural Engineering, 3D Modeling, Laser Scanning, LiDAR, scan-to-BIM, Metrology, Failure Analysis, Forensic Engineering, Architecture, MEP, mechanical, construction defects, concrete, steel, wood, timber, masonry, civil engineering
Dr. Will Ikerd, PhD, P.E. (TX) is principal at IKERD, a firm that specializes in consulting for attorneys, owners, general contractors, trade contractors and designers of buildings, civil, infrastructure, mechanical and manufacturing projects. The firm focuses in the areas of engineering, laser scanning, Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Mr. Ikerd is currently on the board of directors of the BIMForum and chairs three of their Taskforces; BIM Execution Plan (BxP), Reality Capture / Laser scanning and Level Of Development (LOD). He graduated with his bachelor’s in civil engineering and masters in structural engineering in 1998 from Washington University in St. Louis with a focus on 3D parametric modeling and is currently a University of Denver PhD candidate in BIM research.
Craig Koehn, P.E.
EBE/I-ENG-A
Houston, Texas
Engineering, Construction
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Mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, plumbing engineering, engineering design, fire investigation, fire protection, fire alarm
Qualified and experienced MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) engineer with expertise in design and construction. Member of the Investigative Engineers Association.
Aaron D. Miller, RCI, ACI
Texas Inspector Expert
Garland, Texas
Construction Defects, Building Inspection
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Deck Construction and Safety, Residential Construction, Residential Building Codes, Construction, Residential Construction Defects, Home Inspector Malpractice, Code-Related Premises Liability, Contractor Standard of Care, Texas Residential Construction Liability Act
I have been in the residential construction profession since 1975. Currently I work full-time as a licensed home inspector in the DFW, Texas area. I specialize in oversight of new home building for the buyers of the homes.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
22 years as a general residential and light commercial remodeling and building contractor.
24 years as a full-time residential inspector.
21 years as an American Society of Home Inspectors Certified Inspector.
15 years as an International Code Council-certified Residential Combination Inspector.
Texas Residential Construction Commission Registered Builder from 2004 - 2009.
Texas Residential Construction Commission Dispute Resolution Inspector 2004 - 2009.
I have inspected over 12,000 properties, have been hired by attorneys and their clients 60 times for consultation, and have been deposed 25 times.
Areas of expertise include:
Residential Construction
Residential Construction Defects
Residential Building Codes
Residential En...
Cassandra K Moody, M.S., P.E.
Licensed PE-Field Experience-O&G Pipeline Safety
Time For Change, LLC.
Houston, Texas
Oil and Gas, Safety
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Pipeline, PHMSA, Safety, Integrity Management, Gas, Oil, Distribution, Transmission, Gathering, Residential, Procedure, Explosion, Spill, Environmental, Mechanical, Professional Engineer, Construction, 49 CFR 192, 195, Pigging
Cassandra K. Moody, M.S., P.E., is different from other experts in that she actively works as a licensed mechanical engineer with vast hands-on experience who understands the unique challenges legal matters present. She communicates effectively and provides results for the projects she works on.
Mrs. Moody is passionate about engineering risk-informed solutions to safely optimize ROI: Return on INTEGRITY. She conveys visionary leadership, technical competency, and distinctive communication cultivated over fifteen years of midstream operations and integrity engineering experience with a mid-size oil and gas operator.
As a proficient expert in the midstream pipeline industry, Mrs. Moody has represented both plaintiffs and defendants on a variety of cases both in the courtroom and through expert opinion reports. Mrs. Moody’s retained engagements as an independent Engineering Expert have resulted in favorable resolutions for 100% of her clients. Mrs. Moody is an effective communicat...
Michael J Ogden, CGC, HCI
All Disaster Claims, Inc
San Antlnio, Texas
Construction, Insurance
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Appraisal, Appraiser, Umpire, Property Loss Cost, Property Loss Causation, Estimator, Fire, Mitigation, Windstorm, Residential, Hail, Commercial, Tornado, Multifamily, Roofing, IICRC, Restoration, Mold, Remediation, General Contractor
An OSHA and Haag Certified, State of Texas and Florida Licensed Public Adjuster and State of Florida Certified General Contractor with more than 22 years of experience directly related to the renovation and consulting of losses from disaster afflicted homes and businesses.
Haag Certified Roof Inspector, IICRC and BESI Certified General Contractor, Appraiser, Umpire, Estimator, Renovator, Remediator and Expert Witness / Consultant.
State of Florida Certified (Licensed) General Contractor CGC1509420 BESI Certified Defective Drywall Remediator (CDDR)
BESI Certified Defective Drywall Consultant (CDDC)
NuAire Windows and Doors Certified Installer
Dryvit E.I.F.S. Certified Installer
IICRC Certified Water Restoration Technician (WRT) IICRC Certified Advanced Structural Drying (ASD) State of Texas Licensed Public Adjuster TDI#1840149 State of Florida Licensed Public Adjuster
Haag Certified Roof Inspector
OSHA 10 Certified
Amy Patrick, PE
Apollo BBC, Inc.
Houston, Texas
Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering
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Engineering Design, Consulting Engineering, Structural Analysis, Infrastructure, Concrete, Steel Structures, Engineering, Construction, Grading, Drainage, Steel, Foundation, Brick, Building, Structure, Frame, Masonry, Flooding, Flood, Pools
Ms. Patrick is a Technical Consultant at Apollo BBC and a licensed professional engineer with over 15 years of experience. Ms. Patrick has a background in structural and civil engineering, including civil site development, structural design, structural forensics, highway and associated structure analysis and evaluation, retaining wall evaluation, flood mitigation and floodproofing, building envelope consulting, and finite element analysis of structural systems. Amy is a licensed professional engineer in Texas and California and has been an adjunct professor at the University of Houston-Downtown's Structural Analysis and Design program since 2013. She is an experienced expert witness in construction defect litigation.
Homer R. Peterson, II, P.E., CSP, CFLC
Peterson Construction Consulting, Inc.
Houston, Texas
Construction, Safety
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Construction, falls from elevation, fall protection, fatalities, occupational health & safety management systems, OSHA matters, personal injury, precast erection, safety, standards of care, steel erection, termination for cause or for convenience, wrongful death
Homer R. Peterson II, P.E., CSP, CFLC provides consulting services to attorneys, insurance carriers, construction companies, and companies engaged in general industry. Services are offered as a subject matter expert, expert witness, and safety consultant.
He has over 40 years of construction and safety experience (17 years union, 23 years non-union), including airports, bridges, casinos, convention centers, convocation centers, distribution centers, hospitals, hotels, manufacturing facilities, office buildings, paper mills, pharmaceutical plants, power plants, prisons, refineries, schools, shopping malls, sports arenas, steel mills, stores, and warehouses. See www.homerpeterson.com for photographs of representative projects.
His experience includes 40 years in construction in various positions such as president, senior vice president, vice president, project manager, and timekeeper. His responsibilities have included estimating, sales, project management, scheduling, troublesho...
Jill Shackelford
Austin, Texas
Mining, Construction
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Asphalt, Paving, Limestone Mining, MSHA, Environmental, Seal Coating, Chip Seal, Edward's Aquifer, Sand and Gravel, Construction Claims, Aggregates, Asphalt design, Asphalt employment, Asphalt and Aggregate Trucking
Jill Shackelford founded Industrial Asphalt, Inc. in 1995. She has taken her experience from owning and operating an asphalt and mining company, and is passionate about consulting in all realms of the industry to substantiate her belief that the industry and the environment are not mutually exclusive endeavors. Jill is an expert in developing strategy to facilitate transparency and communication for operators often in a hostile environment. Jill also provides expert testimony for both aggregate and asphalt litigation, and often speaks at HOA’s on variety of topics.
Her role at Industrial Asphalt included developing the asphalt plant operations and the internal structure of the organization. She also worked with multiple European firms to develop and blend European and American asphalt specifications for the SH 130 toll road, successfully negotiating the largest asphalt contract in Texas history. Jill currently consults in all realms of permitting from groundwater, rock crushing, co...
Patrick J Walsh, CSP
Walsh Safety Consulting
Georgetown, Texas
Safety, Construction
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OSHA, Personal Injury, Property Damage, Risk Management, Loss Prevention, Accident Investigation
You can also find Construction Expert Witnesses in:
Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii , Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas , Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin